Turn a textbook chapter into Anki flashcards

"Front","Back" "What did Alfred Wegener propose in 1912?","Continental drift." "What evidence supported continental drift?","Matching South American and African coastlines, identical Glossopteris fossils, and matching rock layers." "What major weakness did critics identify in Wegener’s proposal?","He did not explain the mechanism driving continental movement." "What is the lithosphere divided into according to plate tectonics?","About seven major plates plus several minor plates." "What lies beneath the lithospheric plates?","The asthenosphere." "What forces drive plate movement?","Mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push." "What happens at a divergent boundary?","Plates move apart, new crust forms, and mid ocean ridges develop." "What happens when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate?","Subduction occurs, forming a volcanic arc such as the Andes." "What characterizes transform boundaries?","Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes but almost no volcanoes." "What is a hotspot, and what does it explain?","A stationary mantle plume; it explains the Hawaii island chain."