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Overview Memory is reconstructed during retrieval rather than recorded like a video. Its three processes are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Attention supports encoding, while multitasking often weakens it. Storage involves changes in neural connections, and retrieval is influenced by context and cues. Effective study methods include elaborative rehearsal, practice testing, spacing, and sleep; forgetting can sometimes reduce interference and help prioritize information. Key Concepts Encoding Putting information into memory. Attention can improve encoding, but multitasking often leads to poor performance on both tasks. Example: Mara’s message checking likely caused shallow encoding. Storage Maintaining information through changes in neural connections. Retrieval Accessing stored information; it depends partly on context and cues. Working Memory Holds about 4–7 meaningful chunks , not necessarily individual items. Long Term Memory Includes explicit memory for facts and events and implicit memory for skills and habits. Elaborative Rehearsal Linking a new term to an example or personal image; it usually works better than simply rereading. Practice Testing and Spacing Testing yourself is effective, especially when practice is spread across several days. Cramming May create misleading fluency because the material looks familiar. Sleep and Recall A short delay with sleep produced better recall than the same delay awake in a small class discussed study; the result is not “magic.” Forgetting Can reduce interference and help prioritize information; it is not always a failure. Terms and Formulas Encoding Storage Retrieval Attention Multitasking Working memory: 4–7 meaningful chunks Long term memory Explicit memory Implicit memory Elaborative rehearsal Practice testing Spaced practice Cramming Interference Context and cues Review Questions 1. Why is memory not like a video recorder? It is reconstructed each time it is retrieved. 2. What are the three basic memory processes? Encoding, storage, and retrieval. 3. Why did Mara struggle to remember vocabulary? Her shallow encoding was likely caused by checking messages while studying. 4. What is elaborative rehearsal? Connecting a new term to an example or personal image. 5. Why can forgetting be useful? It can reduce interference and help prioritize information. Deadlines and Exam Information None mentioned.