Solve x⁴ + 3x³ - 21x² - 43x + 60 = 0
The solutions of x⁴ + 3x³ - 21x² - 43x + 60 = 0 are x = -5, -3, 1, 4.
How to work it out
- 1
A quartic has up to 4 real roots. The rational root theorem says that any integer root of a polynomial with integer coefficients and leading coefficient 1 divides the constant term 60, so the candidates are ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±6, ±10, ±12, ±15, ±20, ±30, ±60.
- 2
Test the candidates until one gives 0. x = 1 is a root. Divide by (x − 1) with synthetic division; the bottom row is the quotient and a 0 remainder.
- 3
x = -3 is a root. Divide by (x + 3) with synthetic division; the bottom row is the quotient and a 0 remainder.
- 4
What is left is the quadratic x² + x - 20 = 0. Solve it (factoring or the quadratic formula):
- 5
So the polynomial factors as
LaTeX source of the formulas on this page
\[ x^{4} + 3x^{3} - 21x^{2} - 43x + 60 = (x + 5)(x + 3)(x - 1)(x - 4) = 0 \]
\[ x^{4} + 3x^{3} - 21x^{2} - 43x + 60 = 0 \]
\[ \begin{array}{c|ccccc} 1 & 1 & 3 & -21 & -43 & 60 \\ & 0 & 1 & 4 & -17 & -60 \\ \hline & 1 & 4 & -17 & -60 & 0 \end{array} \]
\[ \begin{array}{c|cccc} -3 & 1 & 4 & -17 & -60 \\ & 0 & -3 & -3 & 60 \\ \hline & 1 & 1 & -20 & 0 \end{array} \]
\[ x^{2} + x - 20 = 0 \Rightarrow x = 4,\ -5 \]
\[ x^{4} + 3x^{3} - 21x^{2} - 43x + 60 = (x + 5)(x + 3)(x - 1)(x - 4) \]Candidates tested (computed)
| Candidate x | p(x) | Root? |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | root |
Vieta's formulas check the answer (computed)
| Relation | From the roots | From the coefficients |
|---|---|---|
| Sum of the roots | -3 | -3 |
| Product of the roots | 60 | 60 |
Questions
What are the roots of x⁴ + 3x³ - 21x² - 43x + 60 = 0?
The solutions of x⁴ + 3x³ - 21x² - 43x + 60 = 0 are x = -5, -3, 1, 4.
How do you factor x⁴ + 3x³ - 21x² - 43x + 60?
(x + 5)(x + 3)(x − 1)(x − 4).
What is the sum of the roots?
-3 (it equals −3 by Vieta's formulas).