Solve x⁴ + 10x³ + 33x² + 40x + 16 = 0
The solutions of x⁴ + 10x³ + 33x² + 40x + 16 = 0 are x = -4, -4, -1, -1 (repeated roots counted once each: -4, -1).
How to work it out
- 1
A quartic has up to 4 real roots. The rational root theorem says that any integer root of a polynomial with integer coefficients and leading coefficient 1 divides the constant term 16, so the candidates are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8, ±16.
- 2
Test the candidates until one gives 0. x = -1 is a root. Divide by (x + 1) with synthetic division; the bottom row is the quotient and a 0 remainder.
- 3
x = -1 is a root. Divide by (x + 1) with synthetic division; the bottom row is the quotient and a 0 remainder.
- 4
What is left is the quadratic x² + 8x + 16 = 0. Solve it (factoring or the quadratic formula):
- 5
So the polynomial factors as
LaTeX source of the formulas on this page
\[ x^{4} + 10x^{3} + 33x^{2} + 40x + 16 = (x + 4)^{2}(x + 1)^{2} = 0 \]
\[ x^{4} + 10x^{3} + 33x^{2} + 40x + 16 = 0 \]
\[ \begin{array}{c|ccccc} -1 & 1 & 10 & 33 & 40 & 16 \\ & 0 & -1 & -9 & -24 & -16 \\ \hline & 1 & 9 & 24 & 16 & 0 \end{array} \]
\[ \begin{array}{c|cccc} -1 & 1 & 9 & 24 & 16 \\ & 0 & -1 & -8 & -16 \\ \hline & 1 & 8 & 16 & 0 \end{array} \]
\[ x^{2} + 8x + 16 = 0 \Rightarrow x = -4 \]
\[ x^{4} + 10x^{3} + 33x^{2} + 40x + 16 = (x + 4)^{2}(x + 1)^{2} \]Candidates tested (computed)
| Candidate x | p(x) | Root? |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | no |
| -1 | 0 | root |
Vieta's formulas check the answer (computed)
| Relation | From the roots | From the coefficients |
|---|---|---|
| Sum of the roots | -10 | -10 |
| Product of the roots | 16 | 16 |
Questions
What are the roots of x⁴ + 10x³ + 33x² + 40x + 16 = 0?
The solutions of x⁴ + 10x³ + 33x² + 40x + 16 = 0 are x = -4, -4, -1, -1 (repeated roots counted once each: -4, -1).
How do you factor x⁴ + 10x³ + 33x² + 40x + 16?
(x + 4)(x + 1).
What is the sum of the roots?
-10 (it equals −10 by Vieta's formulas).