Solve x⁴ - 8x³ + 18x² - 27 = 0
The solutions of x⁴ - 8x³ + 18x² - 27 = 0 are x = -1, 3, 3, 3 (repeated roots counted once each: -1, 3).
How to work it out
- 1
A quartic has up to 4 real roots. The rational root theorem says that any integer root of a polynomial with integer coefficients and leading coefficient 1 divides the constant term -27, so the candidates are ±1, ±3, ±9, ±27.
- 2
Test the candidates until one gives 0. x = -1 is a root. Divide by (x + 1) with synthetic division; the bottom row is the quotient and a 0 remainder.
- 3
x = 3 is a root. Divide by (x − 3) with synthetic division; the bottom row is the quotient and a 0 remainder.
- 4
What is left is the quadratic x² - 6x + 9 = 0. Solve it (factoring or the quadratic formula):
- 5
So the polynomial factors as
LaTeX source of the formulas on this page
\[ x^{4} - 8x^{3} + 18x^{2} - 27 = (x + 1)(x - 3)^{3} = 0 \]
\[ x^{4} - 8x^{3} + 18x^{2} - 27 = 0 \]
\[ \begin{array}{c|ccccc} -1 & 1 & -8 & 18 & 0 & -27 \\ & 0 & -1 & 9 & -27 & 27 \\ \hline & 1 & -9 & 27 & -27 & 0 \end{array} \]
\[ \begin{array}{c|cccc} 3 & 1 & -9 & 27 & -27 \\ & 0 & 3 & -18 & 27 \\ \hline & 1 & -6 & 9 & 0 \end{array} \]
\[ x^{2} - 6x + 9 = 0 \Rightarrow x = 3 \]
\[ x^{4} - 8x^{3} + 18x^{2} - 27 = (x + 1)(x - 3)^{3} \]Candidates tested (computed)
| Candidate x | p(x) | Root? |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -16 | no |
| -1 | 0 | root |
Vieta's formulas check the answer (computed)
| Relation | From the roots | From the coefficients |
|---|---|---|
| Sum of the roots | 8 | 8 |
| Product of the roots | -27 | -27 |
Questions
What are the roots of x⁴ - 8x³ + 18x² - 27 = 0?
The solutions of x⁴ - 8x³ + 18x² - 27 = 0 are x = -1, 3, 3, 3 (repeated roots counted once each: -1, 3).
How do you factor x⁴ - 8x³ + 18x² - 27?
(x + 1)(x − 3).
What is the sum of the roots?
8 (it equals −(-8) by Vieta's formulas).